Medical countermeasures refer to the actions taken to prevent, mitigate, or treat the adverse health effects of biological, chemical, radiological, or nuclear threats. This can include the development and distribution of vaccines, medications, diagnostics, and other medical interventions to protect against or treat these threats. Medical countermeasures play a crucial role in emergency preparedness and response efforts to protect public health in the event of a biological or chemical attack, pandemic outbreak, or other public health emergency. Research in this area focuses on developing new and improved medical countermeasures, as well as strategies for their rapid deployment and distribution during emergencies.